Guidelines for the operation of imaging equipment in orbital diseases(2024) / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Orbital disorders include conditions originating from the orbital bones, surrounding tissues, and post-orbital septum. They also include systemic ailments affecting the orbit. Different clinical symptoms make up the complex range of orbital disorders. Because these disorders mostly impact the orbital area instead of the intraocular compartment, there is little diagnostic usefulness for typical ophthalmic visual tests. As such, the primary instruments for diagnosing and evaluating orbital illnesses have become ophthalmic imaging modalities, including ocular ultrasonography(B-scan), computed tomography(CT), and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). One way to improve the precision and promptness of diagnosing orbital diseases is to standardize the functioning of widely used imaging equipment and define the radiological features of orbital abnormalities. Such programs are crucial for the care of patients with orbital disorders since they considerably reduce the number of misdiagnoses and missed diagnoses in these individuals. The underlying concepts, operational techniques, and normal and pathological imaging findings associated with common diagnostic tools for orbital illnesses are all thoroughly reviewed in this guideline. The objective is to improve primary healthcare settings' diagnostic competence in the field of orbital pathology and to standardize procedures for diagnosing orbital disorders.

Clinical Prediction of Prognosis of Retinoblastoma Based on Nomogram / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To investigate the independent risk factors affecting prognosis of patients with retinoblastoma (RB) and construct a nomogram to predict prognosis of patients with RB. Methods Data of 759 RB patients were collected from the SEER database. Patients were randomly assigned to the training group and validation group in a 7:3 ratio. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to determine the independent prognostic factors, based on which a nomogram was constructed. C index, calibration curve, and ROC curve were used to evaluate the predictive efficiency and calibration degree of the nomogram. Results Multivariate analysis identified independent risk factors associated with overall survival, namely, T stage and SEER stage. The C-index of SEER training set was 0.765 (95%CI: 0.744-0.786), the calibration curve was drawn, and the observed and predicted values overlapped well, indicating good consistency. The ROC curve showed that the nomogram could accurately predict three-year (AUC=0.743), five-year (AUC=0.734) and 10-year (AUC=0.720) survival rates of RB patients. Conclusion T stage and SEER stage are independent risk factors related to prognosis of RB patients, and the nomogram can accurately predict the three-year, five-year, and 10-year overall survival rates of patients.

Advances in etiology and pathogenesis of orbital lymphoma / 中华实验眼科杂志

Orbital lymphomas (OLs) are the common malignant tumor of the ocular adnexa.According to the source of abnormally proliferating lymphocytes, OLs can be further divided into several subtypes.The etiology and pathogenesis of OLs are still controversial.The current researches on OLs have shown that the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are mainly related to genetic abnormalities of lymphocytes, abnormal immunosuppression, autoimmune diseases and chronic antigenic stimulation.However, there is no real lymphatic drainage system in the eye.Only a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) system extends from the lacrimal glands to the conjunctiva and lacrimal duct, so the pathogenesis of OLs is still unique.And the etiology of different OLs subtypes is quite different.For example, different chromosomal aberrations can cause varying subtypes of OLs, and various OLs subtypes have diverse predispositions in different autoimmune diseases.Researches on the etiology and pathogenesis of OLs at home and abroad were reviewed in this article to provide a reference for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Epidemiological features of orbital lymphoma / 中华实验眼科杂志

Orbital lymphoma, mainly composed of B-lymphocytes lymphoma and rare T-lymphocytes lymphoma, is the most frequent malignancy of the ocular adnexa.Orbital lymphoma is normally classified into different subtypes according to the origin of lymphocytes.For instance, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) stem from B-lymphocytes while natural killer T-cell lymphoma (NK-TL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) come from T-lymphocytes.The epidemiological distribution of orbital lymphoma has certain characteristics.For example, the majority of orbital lymphomas originate from B-lymphocytes, among which EMZL is the most common subtype, followed by DLBCL, FL and MCL.In the meantime, orbital lymphoma primarily occurs in the elderly.The distribution of gender varies according to the disparate subtypes of orbital lymphomas.A female predominance is found among patients with EMZL and FL, while MCL tends to occurr in male.In this paper, the progress of epidemiological research of orbital lymphoma published in recent years was summarized, so as to provide new thoughts for the study of the etiology and pathogenesis of orbital lymphoma, as well as the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the orbital lymphoma.

Differentially expressed genes between benign lymphoepithelial lesions of lacrimal gland and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To screen and analyze the differentially expressed genes between lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesions (LGBLEL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed.Ten consecutive patients were included in Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2015 to November 2017, including five patients with LGBLEL and five patients with MALT lymphoma.Clinical data and peripheral blood sample were collected from each patient.DNA was extracted from peripheral blood.The whole-exome sequencing (WES) was employed for gene sequencing.The BWA software was used for the screen of differentially expressed gene; GATK software was used to detect genomic variation; ANNOVAR software was used to annotate and predict the effects of the variation; Varscan software was used to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletions (InDels), and ExomeCNV software was used to identify copy number variations (CNVs). The mutated hub gene with the maximal clique centrality was screened out by the analysis of protein interaction network and construction of functional module network.This study was approved by an Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to any medical examination.Results:There was 16.63 Gb sequencing data per sample on average.Synonymous mutation and missense mutation were the most common SNPs mutation types in the LGBLEL group and MALT lymphoma group, and no significant difference was found in gene mumber of synonymous mutation and missense mutation between the two groups.The number of terminating codon missing mutation genes in the LGBLEL group was more than that in the MALT lymphoma group ( P<0.05). The most common InDels types were frameshift mutation, non-frameshift insertion and non-frameshift deletion, and there was no significant difference in gene number of InDels between the LGBLEL group and MALT lymphoma group.The number of exon CNVs was few in both two groups and showed no significant influence in final result.Six differentially expressed hub genes were found, including IGFN1, TCP10, SLC45A4, BTBD7, PHGR1 and PIEZ02. Conclusions:IGFN1, TCP10, SLC45A4, BTBD7, PHGR1 and PIEZ02 genes may participate in the development of LGBLEL into MALT lymphoma.

Expression and significance of nuclear factor-κB-related proteins in idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (IOIP) is a commom orbital disease,with serious eye symptoms and replase tendency,and its pathogenesis is still unclear.Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-related proteins participate in many important pathophysiological process,however,whether NF-κB plays a role in the IOIP process is worthy of attention.Objective This study was to explore the roles of NF-κB pathway in IOIP pathogenesis.Methods Twenty-four IOIP specimens were collected during surgery in Beijing Tongren Hospital from September 2010 to May 2016.The histopathological characteristics of IOIP were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining.The expression and location of NF-κB/p65,p-p65,p50 and inhibitor of κB (IκB-ot) were detected by immunohistochemistry and verified by immunocytochemistry and Western blot assay.Results The histopathological features of IOIP were numerous small lymphocyte infiltraion and fibrous tissue proliferation,and a lot of epithelioid cells were seen in lacrimal gland-involved specimens.NF-κB/p65 was positively expressed in the cytoplasm of all 24 specimens and the nucleus in 15 specimens with the expressing rate of 62.5％.p50 was expressed in the cytoplasm in 22 specimens with the expressing rate of 91.7％ and in the nucleus in 17 specimens with the expressing rate of 70.8％.The positive expression of p-p65 was found in 22 specimens with the expressing rate of 91.7％,and IκB-α was expressed in the cytoplasm of 11 specimens with the expressing rate of 45.8％.These results were confirmed by immunocytochemistry and Western blot assay.Conclusions NF-κB pathway is activiated during IOIP process,and NF-κB pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of IOIP.

Detection and analysis of differential gene expression between benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland and orbital cavernous hemangioma / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland is not a common orbital disease in clinic,which mainly presented as symmetrical and painless enlargement of bilateral lacrimal glands.However,the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease is still unclear now.Objective This study was to screen the differentially expressed genes between benign lymphoid epithelial lesion of lacrimal gland and orbital cavernous hemangioma and explore the pathogenesis of benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland at the molecular level.Methods Nine patients diagnosed as benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland in Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University were enrolled from September 2010 to April 2013,and nine patients with orbital cavernous hemangioma served as control group.The intraorbital tissue was collected during surgery.Whole-genome gene expression microarray was used to detect the expressed genes,and limma algorithm was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes between the benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland and the orbital cavernous hemangioma.Real-time PCR was used to verify differentially expressed genes,Fisher method and gene ontology (GO) functional analysis were performed to realize function and signaling pathways analysis.This study complied with Helsinki Declaration and the protocol was aproved by Institutional Review Board of Beijing Tongren Hospital,and informed consent was obtained.Results Total 5 260 differentially expressed genes were screened between benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland and orbital cavernous hemangioma.The Fisher function and signaling pathways analysis showed that 109 GO terms were significantly upregulated and 101 GO terms were significantly downregulated,and 32 relevant signaling pathways were significantly upregulated and 25 signaling pathways were significantly downregulated in the benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland.GO analysis showed that the expression enrichment of complement receptormediated signaling pathway was high,then following the upregulation of T cell and B cell signaling pathways and downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways.Real-time PCR results showed that the expressions of TIPRL,TLR7 and TLR10 genes were significantly higher in the benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland than that in the orbital cavernous hemangioma,with significant differences between the two diseases (Z =-2.03,-2.32,-2.32;all at P＜0.05),which was consistent with the microarray data.Conclusions Gene expression profiles are significantly different between benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland and orbital cavernous hemangioma.Those differentially expressed genes play roles in the upregulation of T cell and B cell signaling pathways,downregulation of MAPK and TGF-β signaling pathways and the change of complement system.It is implied that a comprehensive effect of various genes and pathways participates in the pathogenesis of benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland.

Prognostic observation of 465 patients with retinoblastoma with optic nerve invasion / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the treatment and prognosis of optic nerve invasion in retinoblastoma (RB).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The children who had been diagnosed with unilateral RB and had received enucleation from January 2006 to December 2013 in our hospital were recruited. Tumor extension into the optic nerve were disclosed. Optic nerve involvement was classified into four grades according to the degree of invasion. Grade I is superficial invasion of the optic nerve head only, grade II is involvement up to and including the lamina cribrosa, grade III is involvement beyond the lamina cribrosa, and grade IV is involvement up to and including the surgical margin. Grade I and II are called invasion of the optic nerve before the sieve plate. Grade III and IV are called invasion of the optic nerve after the sieve plate. Other high-risk factors included extensive invasions of the choroid, sclera, anterior chamber, iris, and ciliary body. They were divided into two groups according to whether the merger of other high histopathologic risk factors. Treatment was delivered accordingly, and the prognosis of different degrees of optic nerve invasion was observed. The subjects were followed up for 6 months to 7 years (average: 43 months).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There were 465 subjects in this study, including 279 boys and 186 girls. The right eye was affected in 260 patients and the left eye in 205 patients. The average time from onset of symptoms to visit was 2.7 months (range 1 day-24 months). Twenty-five patients died, resulting in an overall survival rate of 94.6%. The mortality rate of patients with optic nerve involvement with grade I was 0.4%, grade II was 1.0%, grade III was 8.7% was and grade IV was 60.9%. Of the 338 with invasion of the optic nerve before the sieve plate, two died of recurrence, with a survival rates of 99.4% (336/338). Of the 127 patients who had invasion of the optic nerve after the sieve plate, twenty-three died of recurrence, with a survival rate of 81.9% (104/127) , the difference was statistically significant (χ² = 52.299, P = 0.000). A total of 379 patients did not have any other merged pathology high-risk factors, 8 died, the mortality rate was 2.1%. Of the 86 patients who had complicated with other high-risk factors, 17 died, the mortality rate was 19.8%, the difference was statistically significant (χ² = 42.955, P = 0.000). Of the 338 patients, 304 had invasion of the optic nerve before the sieve plate had not merged other pathology high-risk factors, none died, of the 34 patients who had complicated with other pathology high-risk factors, 2 had died, the mortality rate was 5.9%, the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.010). Of the 127 patients with invasion of the optic nerve after the sieve plate, 76 had not complicated with other pathological high-risk factors, 9 of whom had died, the mortality rate was 11.8%, 51 had complicated with other pathological high-risk factors, 14 of whom had died, the mortality rate was 27.5%, outcomes did significantly differ between the two subgroups (χ² = 5.014, P = 0.025). Cox multivariate analysis showed that invasion of the retrolaminar optic nerve, surgical margin of the optic nerve and sclera were influential factors of colorectal cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Patients with optic nerve invasion have an excellent outcome with current therapy. But for those whose resection margin was invaded, which has a high incidence of recurrence, chemotherapy is recommended for patients with postlaminar optic nerve involvement.</p>

Paying attention to the research on IgG4 related orbital disease / 中华实验眼科杂志

IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease which was named and accepted in recent years.IgG4-RD is a multiorgan-involved disease, mainly including pancrease, parotid gland, bile duct, liver, etc.The study on the relationship between IgG4 and orbital disease is relatively few.In recent years, our study group aimed directly to the relationship between IgG4 and common orbital disease, including benign lymphoepithelial lesion of lacrimal gland,idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, orbital lymphoma, etc.We found that IgG4 was associated with the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases.This article addressed systematically the pathogenesis of IgG4 related orbital disease and evaluated the values of IgG4 in diagnosis,differential diagnosis,treatment and montoring of these orbital diseases based on related literature and reseaching results from our study group,in order to deepen the recognition of IgG4 related orbital diseases in ophthalmologists.

Inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on proliferation of fibroblasts derived by idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (IOIP) is a common orbital disease, but its etiology is still unclear,so the effect of glucocorticoid treatment is unsatisfied.Objective This study was to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on orbital fibroblasts from IOIP patients and explore the action machanism.Methods Six pieces of IOIP tissues from 6 IOIP patients and 3 pieces of normal orbital connective tissues from lacrimal gland prolapse patients were obtained during the surgery in Beijing Tongren Hospital from November 2011 to January 2012.The orbital fibroblasts were cultured using explant culture method.The morphology of the cells were observed under the optical microscope,and biomarks of the cells were detected by immunochemistry.The growth and proliferation of the cells were assayed using WST-8.The expression of ICAM-1 in the cells in both the control group and the IOIP group was detected by immunochemistry.The fibroblasts were incubated in 96-well plates, and different concentrations of dexamethasone (0,1 × 10-3 , 1 × 10-4 , 1 × 10-5 and 1 × 10-6 mol/L) were respectively added into the medium for 24,48 and 72 hours,and then the proliferation of the cells was detected by WST-8 assay.The contents of ICAM-1 in different concentrations of dexamethasone groups were assayed by ELISA.Results The characteristics of the cells were similar between the control group and the IOIP group with the spindle shape and long protructions.The cells showed the positive response for vimentin and absent response for desmin, S-100, cytokeratin (CK).Compared with the control group,the growth speed of fibroblasts was fast in the IOIP group.The proliferative values of the cells (absorbancy) were gradually reduced with the increase of dexamethasone concentrations (F ion =36.27,P=0.00) and the lapse of acting time (Ftime =3.69 ,P=0.00).In cultured cells without dexamethasone for 24,48 and 72 hours,the mean expression levels of ICAM-1 were 0.298±0.008,0.312±0.003 and 0.319±0.011, showing a gradually increasing trend.However,the expression of ICAM-1 was gradually reduced with the increases of concentrations and the lapse of acting time of dexamethasone (Fconcentration =75.17,P=0.00;Ftime =3.11,P=0.00).Conclusions Occurrence and development of IOIP is probably associated with the over-expression of ICAM-1 in orbital fibroblasts.Dexamethasone plays anti-inflammation and treating effects on IOIP by down-regulating the expression of ICAM-1 and inhibiting the proliferation of orbital fibroblasts.

Clinical treatment and prognostic observation for different pathological infiltrations in 537 patients with unilateral retinoblastoma / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The use of post-enucleation adjuvant therapy to decrease the extraocular relapse rate is frequently considered, but there is much controversy about the indications for adjuvant therapy. The aim of this retrospective study was to observe the treatment and prognosis for different degrees of invasion of eye tissue in retinoblastoma (RB) and identify the indications for post-enucleation adjuvant therapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We recruited 537 children who had been diagnosed with unilateral RB and had received enucleation from January 2006 to December 2012 in our hospital, and divided them into three groups according to their number of histopathologic risk factors: 0 factor, 1 factor, or ≥2 factors. Histopathologic high-risk factors included invasion of the optic nerve posterior to the ethmoid plate (including optic nerve stumps) and extensive invasions of the choroid, sclera, anterior chamber, iris, and ciliary body. Treatment was delivered accordingly, and the prognosis of different degrees of histopathologic invasion was observed. The subjects were followed up for 6 months to 7 years (average follow-up time: 35 months). Statistical analysis was analyzed using χ(2) test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 537 RB patients who received enucleation, 25 died (overall survival: 95.3%). Of the 369 (68.7%) with no histopathologic risk factors, 1 died of recurrence, with a mortality rate of 0.3%, whereas of the 168 (31.3%) with histopathologic risk factors, 26 had recurrences and 24 died (mortality rate: 14.3%; P = 0.000). Of the 93 patients (17.3%), each of whom had a single risk factor, nine had recurrences, 16 died (8.6%). Of the 75 patients (14%) with two or more high-risk factors, 16 died (21.3%). These differences were statistically significant between the three (P = 0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chemotherapy is recommended for patients with histopathologic risk factors, especially those with two or more histopathologic risk factors.</p>

Comparison of therapeutic effect of laparoscope and open operation in treatment of adrenal pheochromocytoma / 中国基层医药

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of laparoscope and open operation in treatment of adrenal pheochromocytoma.Methods 52 cases with adrenal pheochromocytoma were randomly divided into two groups,they were treated with laparoscope or open operation.Intraoperative blood loss,intraoperative blood pressure and heart rate fluctuations,operation time,drainage,hospitalization and postoperative complications were compared between two groups.Results Intraoperative comparison:In laparoscope group,operative blood loss was (65.7 ± 50.2) ml,blood pressure fluctuations in 1 case (3.8％),heart rate variability was (18.7 ± 6.1)/min and the operation time was (93.7 ± 21.7) min; in the open operation group,amount of bleeding during the operation was (240.4 ± 150.5) ml,blood pressure fluctuations in 7 cases(26.9％),heart rate variability was (25.6 ± 6.3)/min and the operation time was (137.7 ± 30.5) min,the differences between the two groups was significant (t =3.15,x2 =5.32,t =3.65,t =4.16,all P＜0.05).The maximum tumor diameter of open operation group was (7.3 ± 1.4) cm,which was bigger than that of the laparoscope group (6.6 ± 1.2) cm,but no significant difference between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Postoperative comparison:in the laparoscope group,postoperative drainage was (174.3 ± 121.3)ml,drainage time was (4.3 ± 1.3) d and time of hospitalization was (8.4 ± 1.2) d,which were significantly less than those in open operation group(318.5 ± 132.6)ml,(8.7 ±2.3)d and (11.4 ±3.2)d(t =2.54 3.13,2.12,all P ＜0.05).No serious complications were observed in two groups,laparoscope group 1 case,open operation group 5 cases had postoperative pain,after the corresponding symptomatic treatment was improved.After 3 months of follow-up,clinical symptoms were significantly improved or disappeared,ultrasound or CT reexamination found no recurrence.Conclusion Laparoscope in treatment of adrenal pheochromocytoma not only has definite curative effect,but also has small trauma,shorter operation time and less complications,it is worth clinical application.

Effects of microencapsulated rabbit Schwann cell transplantation on myelin sheath regeneration in rats with spinal cord injury / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Schwann cells play an important role in axonal growth and myelin sheath formation of the peripheral nerve. Whether Schwann cells play the same role in the spinal cord had attracted considerable attention. Microencapsulation technology as an effective immune isolation technique can effectively keep Schwann cell activity to play the repair effect of Schwann cell in the spinal cord.OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of myelin sheath in the injured transection of rats after transplantation of the alginic acid microencapsulated Schwann cells.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The randomized controlled animal experiment was performed at the Basic Medical School of Nanchang University from March 2005 to February 2008.MATERIALS: Sciatic nerve trunk was obtained from adult rabbits to harvest Schwann cells in vitro using repeatedly differential velocity adherent technique, and to prepare Schwann cell suspension and microencapsulated Schwann cell suspension.METHODS: A total of 146 adult Sprague Dawley rats were used to establish models of right hemi-transection damage at T_(10) level and randomly assigned to four groups: simple injury group (n=44), cell transplantation group (n=44), microencapsulated cell transplantation group (n=44) and normal control group (n=14). At 1, 3, 7,14 and 28 days following surgery, 8 rats were selected from each group at each time point (2 from the normal control group) for perfusion and fixation. Spinal cord tissue was collected to make paraffin section, and then subjected to hematoxylin-eosin staining and Loyez myelin staining. In addition, 2 rats were selected from each group at 2 and 8 weeks. The spinal cord tissue was fixed, embedded in Epon816, stained using uranyl acetate and aluminum citrate, and then observed using an electron microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neuron number and survival were observed surrounding the damaged region. Structural changes in the myelin sheath from spinal cord white substance at the damage site were measured.RESULTS: At 1 and 3 days following spinal cord injury, spinal neurons were degenerated and necrotic at damaged site, with reduced number of myelin sheath, loose structure, but above-mentioned was rare in the cell transplantation and microencapsulated cell transplantation groups. At 7 days, the reduced number of myelin sheath, with damaged structure was seen. The microencapsulated cell transplantation group was light. At 14 days, number of neurons was increased, with increased cell body, especially in the microencapsulated cell transplantation group. At 28 days, neurons gradually recovered, myelin sheath was gradually complete, with increased number in the microencapsulated cell transplantation group. There were significant differences compared with the simple injury and cell transplantation groups (P < 0.01). At 8 weeks, abundant myelin sheath was repaired, with new myelin sheath in the microencapsulated cell transplantation group.CONCLUSION: Microcapsule has immune isolation effects. Microencapsulated rabbit Schwann cells can promote the repair of rat spinal cord neurons and axonal myelinization.

Research advance in application of stem cells in optic nerve regeneration / 眼科研究

Lots of blinding diseases are caused by retinal ganglion cells apoptosis, but there is no the effective and ideal therapy in clinic currently. Recent study showed that stem cells can be an alternative renewable source of retinal ganglion cells, and they may be potential to repair the visual function. These results provide a new model of optic nerve regeneration for the treatment of these blinding diseases. But, some problems in clinical applications are waiting for further solving. Applications of stem cells in optic nerve regeneration is reviewed in this paper.

INHIBITION OF GLUCOCORTICOID ON ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE DURING RAT LIVER REGENERATION / 解剖学报

Objective The regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression and enzyme activity by corticosterone, the main glucocorticoid in rat, during rat liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy (PH) was evaluated.Methods Bilateral adrenaleetomies (ADX) and sham-ADX were performed on ether-anesthetized rats 3 days before PH.Corticosterone in sesame oil was injected subcutaneously to adrenalectomied rats. ODC mRNA, ODC protein and enzyme activity were detected by RT-PCR, Western blotting and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Results The ODC mRNA levels, protein accumulation and enzyme activity were lower in the intact liver compared to the regenerating liver.After PH, mRNA levels were remarkably enhanced in all groups (n=6 in each group) and peaked at 5 hours post-PH. Till 7 hours, the contents in all groups from high to low were ADX group,control group (Sham-ADX group), ADX treated with 10mg/kg and 40mg/kg body weight corticosterone group, respectively. ODC protein accumulation in ADX rats was higher than that in control rats (n=13, the same below), but it decreasod in corticosterone-treated (10mg/kg) rats until 24 hours post-PH, with a strong decline seen in 40mg/kg corticosterone-treated rats. ODC activity was rapidly promoted, and the highest levels were observed at 6 hours after PH in all groups (n=6 in each group). After corticosterone treatment, the activities declined significantly at 6 hours post-PH, with the lowest value found in the 40mg/kg group. Conclusion Corticosterone treatment results in dose-dependent decreases in ODC mRNA and enzyme protein both in the intact liver and the regenerating liver. The change in ODC activity is partially related to alterations of ODC mRNA and protein accumulation.

Internal fixation witah anatomical plate and bone graft for treatment of complicated comminuted fractures of distal femur / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To report the clinical features and effects of internal fixation with anatomical plate in combination with bone graft in treatment of complicated comminuted fractures of distal femur. Methods There were 11 case of type C2 and 9 cases of type C3 fractures of distal femur according to the AO classification. When they were treated with anatomical plate, bone grafting from ilium or fibula or from both was done to repair their bone defects depending on specific defects of the patients. Results All the patients were followed up for a mean of 20 months (ranging from 10 to 24 months). Bone healed in all the cases. By Schatzker standards, the result was excellent in 14 patients, good in 5 and fair in 1. The excellent and good rate was 95%. Conclusion The authors consider that anatomical plate in combination with bone graft is an ideal treatment for complicated comminuted fractures of distal femur.

Hygienic investigation of indoor environment in air-conditioned passenger trains / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Explore the hygienic status of indoor environment in railway air-conditioned passenger trains.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We carried out a hygienic investigation of various air-conditioned passenger trains on total 10 railway lines in Shanghai, Chengtu, Kunming, Harbin, Urumchi and Guangzhou railway bureaus for two years between July, 1997 and Oct., 1999. The monitoring was conducted on difference train cars at different time, different railway status. The control groups were selected in the same condition.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results of temperature and wind speed in air-conditioned trains both meet with the national standards GB 9673-1996 in summer and winter. The humidity in summer exceeded the national standards. Of different railways the status, the noise in four different cars except dining cars exceeded the national standards. The results of shock demonstrated that all measure up to the standards of ISO 2631/1-85. As to indoor air quality, the concentration of CO in air-conditioned trains in difference seasons(summer, autumn, winter) all met with the national standards, the ratio was 100%. In summer, the concentrations of CO2 in hard seat cars and soft berth car exceeded the national standard with a statistic significance(P < 0.01). In winter, the concentrations of CO2 in soft berth and hard berth cars both exceeded the same standard. The results of inhalable particulate matter(IP) and total count of bacteria all satisfied the standards, meanwhile the natural lighting and artificial illumination in air-conditioned train cars all were superior to that in ordinary trains.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Humidity in summer and noise in dining car exceeded the standards, the concentration of CO2 in different cars in summer and winter exceeded the standards in some degrees.</p>

THE REGULATION OF EXOGENOUS POLYAMINES ON ODC PROTEIN LEVEL IN THE EARLY REGENERATING LIVER OF RATS / 解剖学报

Objective To study the role of polyamines(putrescine,spermidine and spermine) in regulating ornithine decarboxylase(ODC) protein levels in the early regenerating liver of rats. Methods Exogenous polyamines(dissolved in 0.9% NaCl) were administered subcutaneously to adult male SD rats(180～220g).The ODC protein levels in the regenerating liver induced by partial hepatectomy(PH) were measured by Western blotting analysis. Results The treatment with high doses of putrescine( 20 mg/kg body weight),spermidine(0.15 mg/kg body weight) or spermine(6 mg/kg body weight) reduced the ODC protein level compared with the control group within 12 hours after PH.However,the treatment with low doses of putrescine(0.02 mg/kg),spermidine(0.03 mg/kg) or spermine(0.06 mg/kg) resulted in a rapid increase in the protein level in the 4th hour after PH,which was 15.1%,29.5% or 30.3% higher than that of control rats respectively.Conclusion Polyamines with certain doses play a role in the feedback regulation of ODC protein levels in the early regenerating liver,where spermidine and spermine play a greater role than putrescine dose.